Data at glance of Canada - average on period

History

A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada gained legislative independence from Britain in 1931 and formalized its constitutional independence from the UK when it passed the Canada Act in 1982. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.

Environment

Area: 9,984,670 sq km km2

Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Natural resources: bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

Ethnic characteristics

Groups: Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5% (2021 est.)

Languages: English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)

Religions: Christian 53.3%, Muslim 4.9%, Hindu 2.3%, Sikh 2.1%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.9%, Traditional (North American Indigenous) 0.2%, other religions and traditional spirituality 0.6%, none 34.6% (2021 est.)

Government

Capital: Ottawa

Government type: federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution

Executive branch

Chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 26 July 2021)

Head of government: Prime Minister Mark CARNEY (since 14 March 2025)

Legislative branch

Description: Parliament of Canada - Parlement du Canada - bicameral

Industries

transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas

GDP by sector: Agriculture: 1.6% (2021 est.), Industry: 25.3% (2021 est.), Services: 66.4% (2021 est.)

Trade

Export partners: USA 71%, China 5%, UK 3%, Japan 2%, Mexico 2% (2023)

Export commodities: crude petroleum, cars, gold, natural gas, refined petroleum (2023)

Import partners: USA 51%, China 11%, Mexico 6%, Germany 3%, Japan 3% (2023)

Import commodities: cars, trucks, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, crude petroleum (2023)

Geography

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

Defence

Military expenditure: 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)