| variable | 1990-1999 | 2000-2007 | 2008-2009 | 2010-2019 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| real gdp growth | - | 4.59 | -1.6 | 0.99 | 6.5 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.7 |
| CPI % | 29.9 | 8.99 | 2.0 | 1.54 | 8.6 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 2.9 |
| Unemployment rate | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Debt/GDP % | - | 45.86 | 44.5 | 69.29 | 59.6 | 60.8 | 67.1 | 62.4 | 62.8 |
| Current account balance/GDP % | - | -22.15 | -24.05 | -15.57 | -11.2 | -17.1 | -20.5 | -19.4 | -18.3 |
Data derived from World Economic Outlook Database. To see main macroeconomic indicator in graphs click here
The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. Under Ottoman control beginning in 1496, Montenegro was a semi-autonomous theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes until 1852, when it became a secular principality. Montenegro fought a series of wars with the Ottomans and eventually won recognition as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In 1918, the country was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the end of World War II, Montenegro joined the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). When the SFRY dissolved in 1992, Montenegro and Serbia created the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), which shifted in 2003 to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Montenegro voted to restore its independence on 3 June 2006. Montenegro became an official EU candidate in 2010 and joined NATO in 2017.
Area: 13,812 sq km km2
Climate: Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Natural resources: bauxite, hydroelectricity
Groups: Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)
Languages: Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)
Religions: Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)
Capital: Podgorica
Government type: parliamentary republic
Chief of state: President Jakov MILATOVIC (since 20 May 2023)
Head of government: Prime Minister Milojko SPAJIC (since 31 October 2023)
Description: Parliament (Skupstina) - unicameral
upper-middle-income, small Balkan economy; uses euro as de facto currency; reduced growth due to slowdown in tourism and industrial production; new impetus for EU accession under Europe Now government; energy price cap and declining food and services prices easing inflation rate
steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
GDP by sector: Agriculture: 5.2% (2024 est.), Industry: 11.6% (2024 est.), Services: 62.1% (2024 est.)
Export partners: Italy 38%, Serbia 13%, Spain 6%, Slovenia 5%, Bosnia & Herzegovina 4% (2023)
Export commodities: electricity, aluminum, copper ore, aluminum ore, packaged medicine (2023)
Import partners: Serbia 21%, China 10%, Germany 8%, Croatia 6%, Italy 6% (2023)
Import commodities: refined petroleum, cars, electricity, packaged medicine, aluminum (2023)
Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
Military expenditure: 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Information derived from worldfactbook.io (Lupon Media), open successor to the CIA World Factbook. Data sourced from World Bank, IMF, UN and other international organizations.